라플라시안(Laplacian)

리만다양체의 메트릭이 $g_{ij}$ 로 주어지는 경우
$(g^{ij})=(g_{ij})^{-1}$
라플라시안

$\Delta f=\nabla_i \nabla^i f =\frac{1}{\sqrt{\det g}} \frac{\partial }{\partial x^j}\left(g^{jk}\sqrt{\det g}\frac{\partial f}{\partial x^k}\right) = g^{jk}\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^j \partial x^k} + \frac{\partial g^{jk}}{\partial x^j} \frac{\partial f}{\partial x^k} + \frac12 g^{jk}g^{il}\frac{\partial g_{il}}{\partial x^j}\frac{\partial f}{\partial x^k}$
곡면의 경우 $E=g_{11}$ , $F=g_{12}=g_{21}$ , $G=g_{22}$

인 경우

$\Delta f=\frac{1}{\sqrt{EG}}\left( \frac{\partial }{\partial x^1}\left(\sqrt{\frac{G}{E}}\frac{\partial f}{\partial x^1}\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial x^2}\left(\sqrt{\frac{E}{G}}\frac{\partial f}{\partial x^2}\right)\right)$

$\Delta f = \frac{\partial^2f}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y^2}$

극좌표계
, ,

$\sqrt{EG}=r$

$\Delta f = {1 \over r} {\partial \over \partial r} \left( r {\partial f \over \partial r} \right) + {1 \over r^2} {\partial^2 f \over \partial \theta^2}={1 \over r} {\partial f \over \partial r}+ {\partial^2 f \over \partial r^2}+{1 \over r^2} {\partial^2 f \over \partial \theta^2}$

구면(sphere)

$\Delta f ={1 \over r^2 }({\partial^2 f \over \partial \theta^2} +\cot\theta {\partial f \over \partial \theta} + \frac{1}{ \sin^2 \theta}{\partial^2 f \over \partial \phi^2})$

구면좌표계

$\Delta f = {1 \over r^2} {\partial \over \partial r} \left( r^2 {\partial f \over \partial r} \right) + {1 \over r^2 \sin \theta} {\partial \over \partial \theta} \left( \sin \theta {\partial f \over \partial \theta} \right) + {1 \over r^2 \sin^2 \theta} {\partial^2 f \over \partial \phi^2}$

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