루트 시스템은 유한차원 유클리드 벡터공간에서 여러가지 조건들을 만족시키는 벡터들의 모임이다
non-zero eigenvalues of Cartan subalgebra
리군과 리대수의 분류, 격자의 분류, 유한반사군과 콕세터군(finite reflection groups and Coxeter groups) 등에서 중요하게 활용
딘킨 다이어그램은 루트 시스템을 표현하는 그래프이다
다음 조건을 만족시키는 E의 유한인 부분집합 를 루트 시스템이라 한다.
a subgroup of is crystallographic if it stabilizes a lattice L in V
draw lines for two roots
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0,1,2,3 lines
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A1 x A1
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=r%3D1%2Bcos+(4theta)
A2
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=r%3D1%2B+cos+(6theta)
B2
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=r%3D1-+(sqrt2+%2B1)^2+cos+(4theta)
G2
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=r%3D1-(sqrt+3+%2B1)^2cos+(6theta)/2
(0) G cannot contain affine A_n, D_n, E_n
(1) G is a tree (contains no cycles = affine A_n)
(2) G has \leq 1 branch point (does not contain affine D_5, D_6,D_7, )
(3) branch point has order \leq 3 (affine D_4)
What are length of legs of G?
Leg of length 0 -> G=A_n
so assume legs have length \geq 1
(4) Not all legs have length \geq 2 : cannot contain affine E_6
so one leg has length 1
2 legs of length 1 : G is D_n
so can assume 2 other legs have length \geq 2
(5) cannot have 2 legs length \geq 3 because of affine E_7
So G has 1 leg length 1, 1 of length 2, one of length \geq 2
length is \leq 4, as G does not contain affine E_8
So G is E6,E7, E8
일반적인 경우
how to classify all connected admissible diagrams
A_n SL_{n+1}(C)
B_n O_{2n+1}(C)
C_n Sp_{2n}(C)
D_n O_{2n}(C)
B_n, C_n, BC_n -> same reflection group (Z/nZ).S_n